MONTMORILLONITE CLAY: INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION OF ITS APPLICATION AS A CATALYST IN VARIOUS ORGANIC SYNTHESES

Abstract

Montmorillonite clay is a naturally occurring layered aluminosilicate known for its high surface area, ion-exchange capacity, and acidic properties. In recent years, it has gained considerable attention as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective solid acid catalyst in organic synthesis. This paper investigates the catalytic performance of natural and modified montmorillonite in several organic transformations such as esterification, alkylation, and condensation reactions. The results highlight its potential as a recyclable, green catalyst alternative to traditional mineral acids and metal-based systems.