CОВРЕМЕННОЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ ОБ АНОМАЛИИ ПРИКРЕПЛЕНИЯ ПЛАЦЕНТЫ
##semicolon##
Ключевые слова: предлежание плаценты, рубец на матке, кесарево сечение, плотное прикрепление плаценты, врастание плаценты, прорастание плаценты, кровотечение.##article.abstract##
Резюме: Сохраняющаяся на протяжении нескольких лет тенденция к увеличению частоты оперативного родоразрешения (кесарево сечение) влечет за собой рост числа женщин с аномалиями прикрепления плаценты (АПП). При этом своевременная диагностика и правильная маршрутизация пациенток с АПП в специализированные учреждения 3-го уровня обеспечивают оказание качественной медицинской помощи, позволяющей свести к минимуму материнскую и детскую смертность. В статье приведены современные представления об основных факторах риска и патогенезе развития АПП, даны обновленные определения понятий плотного прикрепления, врастания и прорастания плаценты, уточнена клинико-морфологическая классификация. Описаны современные диагностические критерии, основанные на данных УЗИ, цветного допплеровского картирования — необходимого метода диагностики. Обозначены ситуации, при которых более информативным, чем УЗИ, может оказаться МРТ, и представлены МРТ-критерии АПП. Рассмотрены основные стратегии оказания эффективной медицинской помощи, предусматривающие, в частности, использование органосохраняющей оперативной техники, проведение гемостаза (эндоваскулярная окклюзия или эмболизация), восполнение кровопотери (реинфузия и гемотрансфузия) и обеспечивающие снижение частоты неблагоприятных акушерских и перинатальных исходов.
##submission.citations##
1. Jauniaux E., Ayres-de-Campos D., Langhoff-Roos J. et al. FIGO classification for the clinical diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum disorders. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019;146(1):20–24. DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12761.
2. Jauniaux E., Bunce C., Grønbeck L., Langhoff-Roos J. Prevalence and main outcomes of placenta accreta spectrum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221(3):208–218. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.01.233.
3. Jauniaux E., Chantraine F., Silver R.M. et al. FIGO consensus guidelines on placenta accreta spectrum disorders: Epidemiology. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;140(3):265–273. DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12407.
4. Jauniaux E., Hussein A.M., Elbarmelgy R.M. et al. Failure of placental detachment in accreta placentation is associated with excessive fibrinoid deposition at the utero-placental interface. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(2):243.e1–243.e10. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.08.026.
5. Jauniaux E., Hecht J.L., Elbarmelgy R.A. et al. Searching for placenta percreta: a prospective cohort and systematic review of case reports. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(6):837.e1–837.e13. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.030.
6. Jauniaux E., Jurkovic D., Hussein A.M., Burton G.J. New insights into the etiopathology of placenta accreta spectrum. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;227(3):384–391. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.02.038.
7. Tantbirojn P., Crum C.P., Parast M.M. Pathophysiology of placenta creta: the role of decidua and extravillous trophoblast. Placenta. 2008;29(7):639–645. DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.04.008.
8. Jauniaux E., Collins S., Burton G.J. Placenta accreta spectrum: pathophysiology and evidence-based anatomy for prenatal ultrasound imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(1):75–87. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.067.
9. Silver R.M., Landon M.B., Rouse D.J. et al. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(6):1226–1232. DOI: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000219750.79480.84.
10. Kohn J.R., Shamshirsaz A.A., Popek E. et al. Pregnancy after endometrial ablation: a systematic review. BJOG. 2018;125(1):43–53. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14854.
11. Silver R.M., Fox K.A., Barton J.R. et al. Center of excellence for placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(5):561–568. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.11.018.
12. Baldwin H.J., Patterson J.A., Nippita T.A. et al. Antecedents of Abnormally Invasive Placenta in Primiparous Women: Risk Associated With Gynecologic Procedures. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(2):227–233. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002434.
13. Salmanian B., Fox K.A., Arian S.E. et al. In vitro fertilization as an independent risk factor for placenta accreta spectrum. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(4):568.e1–568.e5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.026.
14. Miller H.E., Leonard S.A., Fox K.A. et al. Placenta Accreta Spectrum Among Women With Twin Gestations. Obstet Gynecol. 2021;137(1):132–138. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004204.
15. Kayem G., Seco A., Beucher G. et al. Clinical profiles of placenta accreta spectrum: the PACCRETA population-based study. BJOG. 2021;128(10):1646–1655. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16647.
16. Hessami K., Salmanian B., Einerson B.D. et al. Clinical correlates of placenta accreta spectrum disorder depending on the presence or absence of placenta previa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2022;140(4):599–606. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004923.
17. Carusi D.A., Fox K.A., Lyell D.J. et al. Placenta Accreta Spectrum Without Placenta Previa. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;136(3):458–465. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003970.
18. Fitzpatrick K.E., Sellers S., Spark P. et al. The management and outcomes of placenta accreta, increta, and percreta in the UK: a population-based descriptive study. BJOG. 2014;12(1):62–70; discussion 70–71. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12405.
19. Bailit J.L., Grobman W.A., Rice M.M. et al. Morbidly adherent placenta treatments and outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(3):683–689. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000680.
20. Thurn L., Lindqvist P.G., Jakobsson M. et al. Abnormally invasive placenta-prevalence, risk factors and antenatal suspicion: results from a large population-based pregnancy cohort study in the Nordic countries. BJOG. 2016;123(8):1348–1355. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13547.
21. Comstock C.H., Lee W., Vettraino I.M., Bronsteen R.A. The early sonographic appearance of placenta accreta. J Ultrasound Med. 2003;22(1):19–23; quiz 24–26. DOI: 10.7863/jum.2003.22.1.19.
22. Stirnemann J.J., Mousty E., Chalouhi G. et al. Screening for placenta accreta at 11–14 weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(6):547.e1–547.e6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.07.021.
23. Calí G., Timor-Tritsch I.E., Forlani F. et al. Value of first-trimester ultrasound in prediction of third-trimester sonographic stage of placenta accreta spectrum disorder and surgical outcome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;55(4):450–459. DOI: 10.1002/uog.21939.
24. Happe S.K., Rac M.W.F., Moschos E. et al. Prospective First-Trimester Ultrasound Imaging of Low Implantation and Placenta Accreta Spectrum. J Ultrasound Med. 2020;39(10):1907–1915. DOI: 10.1002/jum.15295.
25. Rac M.W., Moschos E., Wells C.E. et al. Sonographic Findings of Morbidly Adherent Placenta in the First Trimester. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35(2):263–269. DOI: 10.7863/ultra.15.03020.
26. Doulaveris G., Ryken K., Papathomas D. et al. Early prediction of placenta accreta spectrum in women with prior cesarean delivery using transvaginal ultrasound at 11 to 14 weeks. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(4):100183. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100183.
27. Comstock C.H. Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta: a review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;26(1):89–96. DOI: 10.1002/uog.1926.
28. Pagani G., Cali G., Acharya G. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in detecting the severity of abnormally invasive placentation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2018;97(1):25–37. DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13238.
29. Berkley E.M., Abuhamad A.Z. Prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta: is sonography all we need? J Ultrasound Med. 2013;32(8):1345–1350. DOI: 10.7863/ultra.32.8.1345.
30. Comstock C.H., Bronsteen R.A. The antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta. BJOG. 2014;12(2):171–181; discussion 181–182. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12557.
31. Maldjian C., Adam R., Pelosi M. et al. MRI appearance of placenta percreta and placenta accreta. Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;17(7):965–971. DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(99)00035-1.
32. Jha P., Pōder L., Bourgioti C. et al. Society of Abdominal Radiology (SAR) and European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) joint consensus statement for MR imaging of placenta accreta spectrum disorders. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(5):2604–2615. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-019-06617-7.
33. Bourgioti C., Zafeiropoulou K., Fotopoulos S. et al. MRI prognosticators for adverse maternal and neonatal clinical outcome in patients at high risk for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019;50(2):602–618. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26592.
34. Kupferminc M.J., Tamura R.K., Wigton T.R. et al. Placenta accreta is associated with elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;82(2):266–269. PMID: 7687756.
35. Shainker S.A., Silver R.M., Modest A.M. et al. Placenta accreta spectrum: biomarker discovery using plasma proteomics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(3):433.e1–433.e14. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.03.019.
36. Washecka R., Behling A. Urologic complications of placenta percreta invading the urinary bladder: a case report and review of the literature. Hawaii Med J. 2002;61(4):66–69. PMID: 12050959.
37. Mehrabadi A., Hutcheon J.A., Liu S. et al. Contribution of placenta accreta to the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage and severe postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(4):814–821. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000722.
38. Zelop C.M., Harlow B.L., Frigoletto F.D. Jr. et al. Emergency peripartum hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;168(5):1443–1448. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(11)90779-0.
39. Glaze S., Ekwalanga P., Roberts G. et al. Peripartum hysterectomy: 1999 to 2006. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(3):732–738. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31816569f2.
40. Morlando M., Schwickert A., Stefanovic V. et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes in planned versus emergency cesarean delivery for placenta accreta spectrum: A multinational database study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2021;100 Suppl 1:41–49. DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14120.
41. Warshak C.R., Ramos G.A., Eskander R. et al. Effect of predelivery diagnosis in 99 consecutive cases of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(1):65–69. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c4f12a.
42. Shamshirsaz A.A., Fox K.A., Salmanian B. et al. Maternal morbidity in patients with morbidly adherent placenta treated with and without a standardized multidisciplinary approach. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(2):218.e1–218.e9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.08.019.
43. Grosvenor A., Silver R., Porter T.F., Zempolich K. Optimal management of placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;195:S82.
44. Van Beekhuizen H.J., Stefanovic V., Schwickert A. et al. A multicenter observational survey of management strategies in 442 pregnancies with suspected placenta accreta spectrum. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2021;100 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):12–20. DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14096.
45. Einerson B.D., Weiniger C.F. Placenta accreta spectrum disorder: updates on anesthetic and surgical management strategies. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2021;46:102975. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2021.102975.
46. Publications Committee, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Belfort M.A. Placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(5):430–439. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.09.013.
