ENZYMES USED IN GENETIC ENGINEERING AND THEIR IMPORTANCE
Keywords:
Keywords: Genetic engineering, enzymes, restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, polymerase, biotechnology.Abstract
Abstract:Genetic engineering is highly dependent on specific enzymes that facilitate DNA manipulation processes. These enzymes, including restriction endonucleases, ligases, polymerases, and reverse transcriptases, play a critical role in cutting, modifying, and amplifying genetic material. This article explores the functions of key enzymes used in genetic engineering and highlights their significance in biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture.
References
1. Sambrook, J., & Russell, D. W. (2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
2. Jinek, M., et al. (2012). A programmable dual-RNA–guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science, 337(6096), 816-821.
3. Watson, J. D., et al. (2013). Molecular Biology of the Gene. Pearson Education.
4. Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2014). Genome editing. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Science, 346(6213), 1258096.
5. Trower, M. K. (2021). Advances in enzyme engineering for biotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology, 39(11), 1123–1135.