CURRENT CONCEPTS IN CYSTITIS: EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, AND CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT
Keywords:
Key words: cystitis, urinary tract infection, Escherichia coli, antimicrobial resistance, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, recurrent UTI, bladder inflammation, diagnosis, preventionAbstract
Abstract. Cystitis—the inflammation of the urinary bladder—remains one of
the most common bacterial infections worldwide. Acute uncomplicated cystitis is
usually caused by Escherichia coli, whereas complicated and recurrent forms involve
a broader range of uropathogens and host factors. Recent guideline updates emphasise
rising antimicrobial resistance, the need for antibiotic-sparing strategies, and
individualised prevention. This three-page review synthesises the latest evidence on
epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and
evidence-based treatment options, drawing on the 2024 European Association of
Urology (EAU) and 2024 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
recommendations. Early recognition, appropriate antimicrobial stewardship, and
patient-centred preventive measures are critical to reducing morbidity and healthcare
costs associated with cystitis.
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