RESIDENT OF THE SECOND STAGE CLINICAL RESIDENCY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY OF

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia, first during pregnancy, but not meeting the criteria for "manifest" diabetes mellitus (DM) . Hyperglycemia during pregnancy is associated with the development of complications both from the mother's side and from the fetus, the most significant of which are preeclampsia, the birth of a large fetus, birth trauma, neonatal hypoglycemia. In addition, GDM is a risk factor for the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and cardiovascular diseases in mothers and offspring in the future.
The increasing number of pregnant women with carbohydrate metabolism disorders is associated with a steady increase in the incidence of diabetes and obesity in the general population, which emphasizes the close pathogenetic relationship between these pathologies . The exact prevalence of GDM remains unknown and can vary significantly depending on the diagnostic criteria used for screening. According to various statistical data, the prevalence of GDM worldwide ranges from 4 to 20% and has significant population differences . Differences in epidemiological indicators may be due to the diversity of the population groups studied. Thus, in countries with a low risk of developing GDM in pregnant women, such as Sweden, Australia, and the USA (excluding Native Americans and some other population groups), the prevalence of this pathology is less than 2%, about 9.5%, and 4.8%, respectively. Higher rates are observed in Middle Eastern countries: the United Arab Emirates (20.6%), Qatar (16.3%), Bahrain (13.5%), and Saudi Arabia (12.5%). Some developed countries, such as Canada (17.8%) and France (12.1%), also have higher rates of gestational carbohydrate metabolism disorders [6]. According to Russian authors, the incidence of gestational diabetes in Russia varies widely—from 1% to 14%, averaging approximately 7%—and depends significantly on diagnostic methods .