TUMOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS, MECHANISMS OF CARCINOGENESIS AND EFFECTS ON THE ORGANISM

Abstract

Tumor development represents one of the most complex pathological processes in modern medicine. The aim of this article is to analyze the etiological factors, molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and the pathophysiological effects of tumors on the organism. The study is based on the analysis of contemporary scientific literature on oncology, molecular biology, and pathological physiology. The article describes exogenous and endogenous carcinogenic factors, stages of carcinogenesis, and biological characteristics of tumor cells, including uncontrolled proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, metabolic reprogramming, and angiogenesis. The mechanisms of tumor metastasis and its clinical significance are also discussed. Understanding the pathophysiology of tumors is essential for improving early diagnosis, developing effective treatment strategies, and enhancing patient outcomes.